History Notes VIII

Ch: 1 How, When and Where

 Question.1.

State whether true or false:
(a) James Mill divided Indian history into three periods – Hindu, Muslim, Christian.
(b) Official documents help us understand what the people of the country think.
(c) The British thought surveys were important for effective administration.
Answer.
(a) False
(b) False
(c) True

Question.2.
What is the problem with the periodisation of Indian history that James Mill offers?
Answer.
James Mill divided Indian history into three periods – Hindu, Muslim and British. This periodisation has its own problem. It is difficult to refer to any period of history as ‘Hindu’ or ‘Muslim’ because a variety of faiths existed simultaneously in these periods. It is also not justified to characterise an age through the religion of the rulers of the time. What it suggests is that the lives and practices of others do not really matter. It is worth-mentioning that even rulers in ancient India did not all share the same faith.

Question 3.
Why did the British preserve official documents?
Answer.
The British preserved documents because of the following reasons:

• Any information or proof of any decision can be read/used from the preserved documents.
• The preserved documents reveal the progress made by country in the past.
• One can study the notes and reports which were prepared in the past
• Their copies may be made and used in modern times.
• Documents were helpful in understanding social, economical and history of those times.

Question 4.
How will the information historians get from old newspapers be different from that found in police reports?
Answer.
The information printed in newspaper are usually affected by the views and opinions of the reporters, news editors etc. But what historians find in police reports are usually true and realistic.

Question 5.
Can you think of examples of surveys in your world today? Think about how toy companies get information about what young people enjoy playing with or how the government finds out about the number of young people in school. What can a historian derive from such surveys?
Answer.
Surveys are done by government and private companies.

• on demographic changes, employment, incomes, tastes, interests, possessions, etc.
• Manually or with use of technology.
• At different places like home, schools, institution, malls, etc.
  Historians may get information about preferences, life style, demographic changes, political, social, economic life, etc.

Class 8 History Chapter 1 How, When and Where Exercise Questions

Question.1.
A History of British India was written by
(i)(a) Charles Darwin
(b) James Mill
(c) Albert Einstein
(d) ThomasHardy

(ii) The first Governor-General of India was
(a) Lord Dathousie
(b) Lord Mountbatten
(c) Lord William Bentinck
(d) Warren Hastings

(iii) The National Archives of India came up in the
(a) 1920s
(b) 1930s
(c) 1940s
(d) 1950s

(iv) The word ‘Calligrapher’ means
(a) One who is specialised in the art of painting.
(b) One who is specialised in the art of music.
(c) One who is specialised in the art of beautiful writing.
(d) One who is specialised in the art of public speaking.

(v) Census operations are held
(a) every five years
(b) every seven years
(c) every ten years
(d) every twelve years
Answer.
(i)(b), (ii)(d), (iii)(a), (iv)(c), (v)(c).

Question.2.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete each sentence.
(i) The colonial government gave much importance to the practice of
(ii) Historians have usually divided Indian history into ancient, and
(iii) A History of British India is a massive work.
(iv) Mill thought that all Asian societies were at a level of civilisation than Europe.
(v) The British established specialised institutions like and to preserve important documents.
Answer.
(i) Surveying
(ii) medieval- modem
(iii) three-volume
(iv) lower
(v) archives- museums

Question.3.
State whether each of the following statements is True or False.
(i) The British were very particular about preserving official documents.
(ii) Printing began to spread by the middle of the 20th century.
(iii) The periodisation of Indian history offered by James Mill was not at all accepted.
(iv) The British carried out detailed surveys by the early 19th century in order to map the entire country.
(v) James Mill glorified India and its culture in his book A History of British India.
Answer.
(i) True,
(ii) False,
(iii) False,
(iv) True,
(v) False.

Question.4.
Match the items given in Column A correctly with those given in Column B.

Answer.
(i) (c), (ii) (a), (iii) (d), (iv) (b).

Class 8 History Chapter 1 How, When and Where Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the events for which specific dates can be determined.
Answer.
The year a king was crowned, the year he married, the year he had a child, the year he fought a particular battle, the year he died, etc.

Question 2.
What was an important aspect of the histories written by the British historians in India?
Answer.
The rule of each Governor-General was an important aspect.

Question 3.
Who was James Mill?
Answer.
He was a Scottish economist and political philosopher and is known for his book A History of British India.

Question 4.
What was Mill’s opinion about the Asian societies?
Answer.
In Mill’s opinion all Asian societies were at a lower level of civilisation than Europe.

Question 5.
What evil practices, according to James Mill, dominated the Indian social life before the British came to India?
Answer.
According to James Mill, the evil practices that dominated to the Indian social life were religious intolerance, caste taboos and superstitious practices.

Question 6.
How did paintings project Governor- General?
Answer.
Paintings projected Governor-Generals as powerful figures.

Question 7.
Why do many historians refer to modem period as colonial?
Answer.
It is because, under British rule people did not have equality, freedom or liberty—the symbols of modernity.

Question 8.
Mention one important source used by historians in writing about the last 230 years of Indian history.
Answer.
The official records of the British administration.

Question 9.
What is done under census?
Answer.
It records the number of people living all the provinces of India and gathers information on castes, religions and occupation.

Question 10 .
What do official records not tell?
Answer.
Official records do not tell what other people in the country felt, and what lay behind their actions.

Question 11.
Why do we try and divide history into different periods?
Answer.
We do so in order to capture the characteristics of a time, its central features as they appear to us.

Class 8 History Chapter 1 How, When and Where Short Answer Type Questions

Question  1.
How did James Mill view India?
Answer.
James Mill did not cherish any positive idea about India. He was of the opinion that all Asian societies were at a lower level of civilisation than Europe. According to his telling of history, before the British came to India, the Hindu and the Muslim despots ruled the country. Religious intolerance, caste taboos and superstitious practices dominated social life. He felt that only British rule could civilise India. He suggested that the British should conquer all the territories of India to ensure the enlightenment and happiness of the Indian people. For India was not capable of progress without the help of the British.

Question 2.
Historians divide Indian history into ancient, medieval and modem. But this division too has its problems. What are these problems?
Answer.
This periodisation has been borrowed from the West where the modem period was associated with the growth of dll the forces of modernity such as science, reason, democracy, liberty and equality. Medieval was a term used to describe a society where these features of modem society did not exist.
It is difficult for us to accept this characterisation of the modem period. Here, it is worth-mentioning that Indians did not have equality, freedom or liberty under the British rule. The country also lacked economic growth and progress in that period. It is therefore many historians refer to modem period as colonial period.

Question 3.
What did the British do to preserve important official documents and letters?
Answer.
The British felt the need to preserve all the important official documents and letters. For this, they set up record rooms attached to all administrative institutions. The village tahsildar’s office, the collectorate, the commissioner’s office, the provincial secretariats, the lawcourts – all had their record rooms. The British also established specialised institutions such as archives and museums to preserve important records.

Question.4.
What do official records not tell? How do we come to know about them?
Answer.
Official records do not always help us understand what other people in the country felt, and what lay behind their actions. For that we have diaries of people, accounts of pilgrims and travellers, autobiographies of important personalities, and popular books, etc. that were sold in the local bazaars. With the spread of printing press, newspapers came to be published and issues began to be debated in public. Leaders and reformers wrote.to spread their ideas, poets and novelists wrote to express their feelings.

Question.5.
How did the British conquer India and establish their rule?
Answer.
The British conquered India in the following ways:

1. They subjugated local nawabs and rajas.
2. They established control over the economy and society collected revenue to meet all their expenses, bought goods they wanted at lower prices and produced crops they needed for export.
3. They brought changes in rulers and tastes, customs and practices.
4. Thus, they moulded everything in their favour and subjugated the country very soon.

Class 8 History Chapter 1 How, When and Where Long Answer Type Questions

Question. 1.
How do the official records of the British administration help historians to write about the last 250 years of Indian history?
Answer.
The British believed that the act of writing was important. Hence, they got written up every instruction, plan, policy decision, agreement, investigation, etc. They thought that once this was done, things could be properly studied and debated. This conviction produced an administrative culture of mtemos, notings and reports.
The British were very interested in preserving all important documents and letters. For this, they established record rooms attached to all administrative institutions such as the village tahsildar’s office, the collectorate, law courts etc. They also set up archives and museums to preserve important records.
Letters and memos that moved from one branch of the administration to smother in the early years of the 19th century can still be read in the archives. Historians can also take help from the notes and reports that district officials prepared or the instructions and directives that were sent by officials at the top to the provincial administrators.

Question.2.
How did surveys become important under the colonial administration?
Answer.
The British gave much importance to the practice of surveying because they believed that a country had to be properly known before it could be effectively administred. Therefore, they carried out detailed surveys by the early 19 th century in order to map the entire country:

1. They conducted revenue surveys in villages.
2. They made efforts to know the topography, the soil quality, the flora, the fauna, the local histories and the cropping pattern.
3. They also introduced census operations, held at the interval of every ten years from the end of the 19th century. They prepared detailed records of the number of people in all the provinces of India, noting information on castes, religions and occupation separately.
4. The British also carried on several other surveys such as botanical surveys, zoological surveys, archeolo¬gical surveys, forest surveys, etc. In this way, they gathered all the facts that were essential for administering a country.

Class 8 History Chapter 1 How, When and Where Source-Based Questions

Question 1.
Read the following extract (source 2) taken from the NCERT textbook page 7 and answer the questions that follow:

Questions:
(i) Why did the policemen in Delhi refuse to take their food on Thursday morning ?
(ii) How did the men in other police stations react when they came to know about the protest?
(iii) What was the comment of one of the strikers on the food supplied to them ?
Answers:
(i) They did so as a protest against their low salaries and the inferior quality of food supplied to them from the Police Lines kitchen.
(ii) They also refused to take food.
(iii) One of the strikers said that the food supplied to them was not fit for human consumption. Even cattle would not eat the chapatis and dal which they had to eat.

Class 8 History Chapter 1 How, When and Where Picture-Based Questions

Question.1.
Observe the picture below taken from the NCERT textbook (page 1) and answer the questions that follow:

Questions:
(i) What does the above picture try to suggest?
(ii) Explain how this image projects an imperial perception.
Answers:
(i) The picture tries to suggest that Indians willingly gave over their ancient texts scriptures (shashtra) to Britannia, the symbol of British power, as if asking her to become the protector of Indian culture.
(ii) This image clearly depicts the imperial superiority. The image of the lion symbolizes superior power. The empire is the giver and its subjects are always loyal to the throne.

Question.2.
Observe the picture below taken from NCERT textbook (page 5) and answer the questions that follow:

Questions:
(i) What is it?
(ii) When did it come up?
(iii) Where was it located when Delhi was built?
(iv) What does this location reflect?
Answers:
(i) It is the National Archives of India.
(ii) It came up in the 1920s.
(iii) When Delhi was built, it was located close to the Viceregal Palace.
(iv) It reflects the importance of this institution in the British eyes.

Ch:1 From Trade to Territory

Question 1.

Match the following:

Answer:

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:
(a) The British conquest of Bengal began with the Battle of …………
(b) Haider All and Tipu Sultan were the rulers of …………..
(c) Dalhousie implemented the Doctrine of ……………
(d) Maratha kingdoms were located mainly in the part of …………… India.
Answer:
(a) Plassey
(b) Mysore
(c) Lapse
(d) Western

Question 3.
State whether true or false:
(a) The Mughal empire became stronger in the eighteenth century.
(b) The English East India Company was the only European company that traded with India.
(c) Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the ruler of Punjab.
(d) The British did not introduce administrative changes in the territories they conquered.
Answer:
(a) False
(b) False
(c) True
(d) False

Question 4.
What attracted European trading companies to India?
Answer:
European trading companies were attracted due to the following reasons:

1. Cheap and fine quality of silk and cotton.
2. For spices like pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon etc.

Question 5.
What were the areas of conflict between the Bengal Nawabs and the East India Company?
Answer:

1. The Bengal nawabs asserted their power and autonomy and refused to grant the Company concessions,
2. They demanded large tributes for the Company’s right to trade,
3. They denied the Company any right to mint coins,
4. They stopped the Company from extending its fortifications
5. Accusing the Company of deceit, they claimed that the Company was depriving the Bengal government of huge amounts of revenue and undermining the authority of the nawab. It was refusing to pay taxes, writing disrespectful letters, and trying to humiliate the nawab and his officials. These were the areas of conflict between the Bengal Nawabs and the East India Company.

Question 6.
How did the assumption of Diwani benefit the East India Company?
Answer:
The Mughal emperor, in 1765, appointed the Company’s the Diwan of the provinces of Bengal. The Diwani allowed the Company to exploit the vast revenue resources of Bengal. This solved a major problem that the company had earlier faced. Although its trade had expanded, it had to buy most of the goods in India with gold and silver imported from Britain. The overflow of gold from Britain stopped after the assumption of Diwani. Now revenue from India could finance Company expenses. These revenues they used to purchase cotton and silk textiles in India, maintain Company troops and meet the cost of building the Company fort and offices at Calcutta.

Question 7.
Explain the system of ‘subsidiary alliance’.
Answer:
Subsidiary Alliance System

1. The Britishers as a supreme power: Whichever state wanted to sign this treaty, had to accept the English as a supreme authority. The East India Company behaved as a guardian of that state.
2. Appointment of resident: The state kept an English Resident in their court,
   to check the activities of the king.
3. Keeping of an English army: Indian rulers were not allowed to have their army to protect the state from external and internal invasion. The state had to keep an English army. The state had to bear financial burden of the army.
4. Giving to the territory: If the Indian rulers failed to make payments, part of their territories were taken away as penalty.
   e.g.,
   • The Nawab of Awadh was forced to give over half of his territory to the company in 1801.
   • Hyderabad was also forced to cede territories on similar grounds.
5. Protection by the English: In return for the above-mentioned conditions the English Company promised to protect the state from its enemies. They also promised the state not to interfere in the internal affairs of the state but this was a promise they seldom kept.

Question 8.
In what way was the administration of the Company different from that of Indian rulers?
Answer:
The administration of the Company was different from that of the Indian rulers in the following ways:

1. The Company divided its administrative units called Presidencies. There were three Presidencies –  Bengal, Madras and Bombay. In India, districts were the main administrative units.
2. Each presidency was ruled by a Governor. Districts were ruled by the Collectors.
3. The supreme head of the administration of the Company was the Governor-General. But in India, the head of the administration was the king. .
4. The main job of the Governor-General was to introduce administrative reforms while the main job of the Collector was to collect revenue and taxes- and maintain law and order in his district.

Question 9.
Describe the changes that occurred in the composition of the Company’s army.
Answer:

1. East India Company adopted its own method when it began recruitment for the army.
2. It was known as the sepoy army (from the Indian word sipahi, meaning soldier).
3. With the change in warfare technology from the 1820s, the cavalry needs of the Company’s army declined, because the British empire was fighting in Burma, Afghanistan, and Egypt. There the soldiers were armed with muskets and matchlocks
4. The soldiers had to keep pace with changing military requirements.
5. Its infantry regiments now became more important.
6. In the early 19th century the British began to develop a uniform military culture.
7. Soldiers were given European-style training drills and discipline.
8. They regulated their life far more than before.
9. Often this created problems since caste and community feelings were ignored in building a force of professional soldiers.

Question 10.
After the British conquest of Bengal, Calcutta -grew from a small village to a big city. Find out about the culture, architecture, and the life of Europeans and Indians of the city during the colonial period.
Answer:
Hints: Visit the school library or get information from the internet.
Indians were influenced by British culture, architecture and lifestyle.

1. Culture: British influence began.
2. Architecture: Influenced by the British Architecture (fortification of the city, churches, etc.). Rich Indians started constructing bungalows in the English style.
3. Life: English education, English clothes, became to be popular.

Question 11.
Collect pictures, stories, poems, and information about any of the following – the Rani of Jhansi, Mahadji Sindhia, Haidar Ali, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lord Dalhousie, or any other contemporary ruler of your region.
Answer:
The Rani of Jhansi: Collect information and photographs
Hints:

1.  Early childhood
2. Early marriage
3. Death of husband
4. Adopted son
5. Fight with British
6. Died fighting with the British.
7. History would always remember her.

1. Rani of Jhansi:

Lakshmibai was born probably on 19 November 1828 in the holy town of Varanasi in a Marathi brahmin family. Her father was Moropant Tambe. Her father worked for a court of Peshwa of Bithoor district. Peshwa brought Manikarnika up like his own daughter. The Peshwa called her “Chhabili”, which means “playful”.

She was educated at home and was more independent in her childhood than others of her age; her studies included archery, horsemanship, and self-defense.

Rani Lakshmibai was accustomed to ride on horseback accompanied by a small escort between the palace and the temple. The Rani Mahal, the place of Rani Lakshmibai, has now been converted into a museum. She died, fighting British Army bravely, to save her state Jhansi.

2. Mahadaji Shindhia

Mahadaji Shinde (1730-1794 A.D.) also spelled as Mahadji Scindia or Mahadaji Scindia, was a Maratha ruler of the state of Gwalior in central India.

Mahadaji was instrumental in resurrecting Maratha power in North India after the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761 and rose to become a trusted lieutenant of the Peshwa, leader of the Maratha Empire. During his reign, Gwalior became the leading state in the Maratha Empire and one of the foremost military powers in India.

He accompanied Shah Alarm II (Mughal Badshah) in 1771 to Delhi in order to restore the Mughals in Delhi. The Marathas were practically at that time ruling Delhi. He annihilated the power of Jats of Mathura and during 1772-73 and destroyed the power of Pashtun Rohillas in Rohilkhand and captured Najibabad. His role during the ‘First Anglo Maratha War was greatest from the Maratha side since he humbled the British in Central India, single-handed, which resulted in the Treaty of Salbai in 1782, where he mediated between the Peshwa and the British.

3. Hyder Ali Of Mysore

Hyder Ali (1721-1782) was the sultan and de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India. Born Hyder Naik, he distinguished himself militarily, eventually drawing the attention of Mysore’s rulers. Rising to the post of Dalavayi (commander-in-chief) to Krishnaraja Wodeyar II, he came to dominate the titular monarch and the Mysore government. He became the de facto ruler of Mysore as Sarvadhikari (Chief Minister) by 1761. He offered strong anti-colonial resistance against the military advances of the British East’India Company during the First and Second Anglo Mysore Wars and he was the innovator of military use of the ‘iron-cased Mysorean rockets.

4. Maharaja Ranjit Singh

Ranjit Singh was born to Sardar Maha Singh and Raj Kaur on 13 November 1780, in Gujranwala, Punjab (now in Pakistan). As a child, he suffered from smallpox which resulted in the loss of one eye. At the time, much of Punjab was ruled by the Sikhs under a Confederate Sarbat Khalsa system, which had divided the territory among factions known as misls Ranjit Singh’s father was the commander of the Sukerchakia Misl and controlled a territory in west Punjab based around his headquarter at Gujranwala.

In 1799, Ranjit Singh captured Lahore (now in Pakistan) from the Bhangi Misl and later made it his capital. This was the first important step in his rise to power. In the following years, he brought the whole of central Punjab from the Sutlej to the Jhelum under his sway. This area includes north of Satluj (Jullundhar, Amritsar, Pathankot, etc.); and Lahore, Multan, etc. of Pakistan.

5. Lord Dalhousie

Governor-general of India (1848 to 1856): Lord Dalhousie is one the most negatively remembered personality in the rule of East India Company. He ruled India with his full efficiency from 1848 to 1856 A.D. In India, he was famous for various negative and positive reasons.
Positive:

1. Starting of Railway in 1853 A.D. for the first time, between Bombay to Thane.
2. Starting with postal and telegraph services in India.
3. Starting with widow remarriage in 1856 A.D.
4. Completion of Ganges Canal.
5. Reform in Indian civil services.

Negative

1. East India Company captured the princely state of Punjab in 1849 A.D.
2. Second Anglo-Burmese War.
3. Doctrine of Lapse (Most Controversial).
4. Annexation of Awadh.

Ch: 1 From Trade to Territory

Question 1.

(i) Which one was not a trading company?
(a) The Portuguese
(b) The Dutch
(c) The French
(d) The Japanese

(ii) What was farman?
(a) It was a royal dress.
(b) It was a royal order.
(c) It was a royal food.
(d) It was a royal procession.

(iii) The Nawab of Bengal after Alivardi Khan was
(a) Murshid Quli Khan
(b) Tipu Sultan
(c) Sirajuddaulah
(d) Mir Qasim

(iv) The British who did the Company’s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey was
(a) Robert Clive
(b) Lord Hastings
(c) Edmund Burke
(d) Lord Dalhousie

(v) This Governor-General introduced the policy of ‘paramountcy’.
(a) Lord Hastings
(b) Lord Dalhousie
(c) Warren Hastings
(d) Lord Bentinck

(vi) Which one of these was annexed on the basis of Dolhousie’s ‘Doctrine of Lapse’?
(a) Punjab
(b) Awadh
(c) Satara
(d) Hyderabad

(vii) The Governor-General who was impeached
(a) Lord Dalhousie
(b) Lord Mountbatten
(c) Warren Hastings
(d) Lord Hastings
Answer:
(i) (d), (ii) (b), (iii) (c), (iv) (a), (v) (a), (vi) (c), (vii) (c).

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete each sentence.

1. British territories were broadly divided into administrative units called …………….
2. ……….. and ………… were two famous Maratha soldiers and statesmen of the late 18th century.
3. The Royal Charter could not prevent other European powers from entering the …………… markets.
4. The Bengal Nawabs asserted their power and autonomy after the death of …………..
5. ………….. was made the Nawab of Bengal after the defeat of Sirajuddaulah at Plassey.
6. The Company took over Awadh in the year ……………..
7. The principal figure in an Indian district was the …………….
8. The first Anglo-Maratha war ended with the Treaty of …………………

Answer:

1. Presidencies
2. Mahadji Sindhia; Nana Phadnavis
3. Eastern
4. Aurangzeb
5. Mir Jafar
6. 1856
7. Collector
8. Sabai

Question 3.
State whether each of the following statements is True or False.

1. The Maratha power was crushed in the third Anglo-Maratha war.
2. Tipu Sultan disallowed local merchants from trading with the Company.
3. The Company took away parts of territories from Punjab and Satara on the basis of ‘subsidiary alliance’.
4. The Mughal emperor appointed the Company as the Diwgzt of the provinces of Bengal in the year 1700.
5. Sirajuddaulah got help from his commander Mir Jafar and finally won a victory in the Battle of Plassey.
6. Lord Dalhousie’s ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ proved to be a total failure.

Answer:

1. True
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. False
6. False

Question 4.
Match the items given in Column A correctly with those given in Column B.

Answer:
(i) (b), (ii) (d), (iii) (f), (iv) (a), (v) (c), (vi) (e).

Class 8 History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who was the ruler of England in 1600?
Answer:
Queen Elizabeth, I was the ruler of England in 1600.

Question 2.
What caused huge loss of revenue in Bengal?
Answer:
Aurangzeb’s Farman had granted the Company only the right to trade duty-free. But the officials of the Company, who were carrying on private trade on the side, also stopped paying duty. This caused a huge loss of revenue for Bengal.

Question 3.
Why did the Company want a puppet ruler?
Answer: A puppet ruler would willingly give it trade concessions and other privileges.

Question 4.
What was the main reason for the defeat of Sirajuddaulah at Plassey?
Answer:
Mir Jafar, one of Sirajuddaulah’s commanders, did not fight the battle.

Question 5.
Why did the Battle of Plassey become famous?
Answer:
It was the first major victory the Company won in India.

Question 6.
Whom did the Company install in place of Mir Jafar?
Answer:
The company installed Mir Qasim in place of Mir Jafar.

Question 7.
How did the Company purchase Indian goods?
Answer:
It purchased Indian goods with gold and silver imported from Britain.

Question 8.
Who was called ‘nabobs’?
Answer:
Several Company officials returned to Britain with wealth and led flashy lives and showed their riches with great pride. They were called “nabobs’.

Question 9.
Who were the Residents?
Answer:
The Residents were the political or commercial agents and their job was to serve and further the interests of the Company.

Question 10.
What purpose did the Residents serve?
Answer:
Through the residents, the Company officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian states.

Question 11.
Name the two rulers under whose leadership Mysore became powerful.
Answer:
Haider Ali and his son, Tipu Sultan.

Question 12.
Why did Tipu Sultan develop a close relationship with the French in India?
Answer:
He did so in order to modernise his army with their help.

Question 13.
What happened in the-Battle of Seringapatam?
Answer:
Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam.

Question 14.
What was the result of the second Anglo-Maratha war?
Answer:
The British gained Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi.

Question 15 .
What was the objective behind the Company’s new policy of ‘paramountcy ’?
Answer:
The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme and therefore its power was greater than that of Indian states.

Question 16.
What was the result of Rani Channamma’s anti-British resistance movement?
Answer:
She was put in the prison where she died.

Question 17.
What was Lord Dalhousie’s Doctrine of Lapse?
Answer:
If an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become the part of Company territory.

Question 18.
Name the Kingdoms which were annexed on the basis of ‘Doctrine of Lapse’.
Answer:
Satara, Sambalpur, Udaipur, Nagpur, and Jhansi.

Question 19.
What constituted the Mughal army?
Answer:
Cavalry and infantry, that is; paidal soldiers.

Question 20.
Why was Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General of India, tried after he returned to England?
Answer:
He was tried for the misgovernance of Bengal.

Question 21.
What was the result of this trial?
Answer:
Warren Hastings was impeached.

Class 8 History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give an account of different European trading companies besides the British East India Company that entered the Eastern markets.
Answer:
Different European trading companies were:

1. The Portuguese. By the time the first English ships sailed down the West coast of Africa, round the Cape of Good Hope, and crossed the Indian Ocean, the Portuguese had already established their presence in the western coast of India and had their base in Goa.
2. The Dutch. By the early 17th century, the Dutch too were exploring the possibilities of trade in the Indian Ocean.
3. The French. The French traders soon arrived on the scene for the same purpose.

Question 2.
What were the grievances of the Company regarding the Nawabs of Bengal?
Answer:
The Company declared that the unjust demands of the local officials were ruining the trade of the Company. Trade could flourish only if the duties were removed. It was also convinced that to expand trade it had to enlarge its settlements, buy up villages and rebuild its forts.

Question 3.
Write a note on Tipu Sultan – The ‘Tiger of Mysore’.
Answer:
Tipu Sultan was the famous ruler of Mysore. He ruled Mysore from 1782 to 1799. Under his leadership, Mysore became very powerful. It controlled the profitable trade of the Malabar coast where the Company purchased pepper and cardamom. In 1785 Tipu Sultan stopped the export of these items through the ports of his kingdom and disallowed local merchants from trading with the Company. He also developed a relationship with the French in India to modernise his army with their help. The British got furious. They waged four battles against Tipu Sultan. The last battle proved unfortunate for him. He was killed defending his capital Seringapatam. The way he resisted the British is undoubtedly praiseworthy.

Question 4.
Give a brief description of all the three Anglo-Maratha Wars. Also, write the main consequences.
Answer:
The Company waged a series of wars against the Marathas in order to crush Maratha power:

1. In the first war, there was no clear victor, hence it ended in 1782 with the Treaty of Sabai.
2. The second Anglo – Maratha War began in 1803 and ended in 1805. This war was fought on different fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi.
3. The Third Anglo – Maratha War of 1817-1819 crushed Maratha power. The Peshwa was removed. The Company now had complete control over the territories south of the Vindhyas.

Question 5.
What administrative reformations were brought in the sphere of justice?
Answer:
Before the reformations were brought, there were Maulvis and Hindu pandits who interpreted Indian laws for the European district collectors who presided over civil courts. The criminal courts were still under a qazi and a mufti. The Brahman pandits usually gave different interpretations of local laws. But there was no uniformity in them. To bring out about uniformity, in 1775 eleven pandits were asked to compile a digest of Hindu laws. N.B. Halhed translated this digest into English. By 1778 a code of Muslim laws was also compiled for the benefit of European judges, under the Regulating Act of 1773, a new Supreme Court was established, while a court of appeal – the Sadar Nizamal Adalat – was also set up at Calcutta.

Class 8 History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give an account of the Battle of Plassey.
Answer:
The Company was very keen to have a puppet ruler in place of Sirajuddaulah so that it might enjoy trade concessions and other privileges. It began to help one of Sirajuddaulah’s rivals become the nawab. This infuriated Sirajuddaulah. He sternly asked the Company to stop meddling in the political affairs of his dominion. After negotiations failed, the Nawab marched with his soldiers to the English factory at Kasimbazar, captured the Company officials, disarmed all Englishmen, and blocked English ships. Then he marched to Calcutta to establish control over the Company’s fort there. As soon as the Company officials in Madras heard the news of the fall of Calcutta, they sent forces under the command of Robert Clive, reinforced by naval fleets. Prolonged negotiations with the Nawab followed. But no concrete solution came out. Finally, in 1759, Robert Clive led the Company’s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey.

In this battle, Sirajuddaulah got defeated. The main reason was that one of his commanders, Mir Jafar, did not fight the battle. He, in fact, supported the Company by not fighting because the Company had promised to make him Nawab after defeating Sirajuddaulah. The victory of the Company in the Battle of Plassey gave it immense confidence. It was the first major victory of the Company in India.

Question 2.
Who introduced the policy of ‘paramounty’? What did it mean? What sort of resistance did the Company face?
Answer:
Lord Hastings, who was the Governor-General of India from 1813 to 1823, introduced a new policy of ‘paramounty’. Now the Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme, hence its power was greater than that of Indian states. In order to protect its interests, it was justified in annexing or threatening to annex any Indian kingdom.
However, this process did not go unchallenged. For example, when the British tried to annex, the small state of Kitoor (in Karnataka today), Rani Channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement. She was arrested in 1823 and died in prison in 1829. But this resistance movement did not stop. It was carried on by Rajana, a poor chowkidar of Sangoli in Kitoor. With popular support, he destroyed many British camps and records. He was also caught and hanged by the British in 1830.

Question 3.
How did the East India Company begin to trade in Bengal?
Answer:
The East India Company set up the first English factory on the banks of the river Hugh in the year 1651. This became the base from which the Company’s traders, known at that time as ‘factors’, operated. The factory had a warehouse where goods for export were stored and it had offices where Company officials set. As trade expanded, the Company persuaded merchants and traders to come and settle near the factory.

By 1696 the Company began to build a fort around the settlement. Two years later it bribed Mughal officials into giving the Company zamindari rights over three villages. One of these was Kalikata which later developed into a city, known as Calcutta. The Company also persuaded the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb to issue a firman granting the Company the right to trade duty-free. The Company tried continuously to press for more concessions and manipulate existing privileges. For instance, Aurangzeb’s Farman had granted only the Company the right to trade duty-free. But Company officials who were carrying on private trade on the side were expected to pay duty. But they refused to pay. This caused huge loss of revenue for Bengal.

Map Skills

Question 1.
On outline maps of India show expansion of British territorial power in India.


Answer:

Fig. 1 (a), (b), (c). Expansion of British territorial power in India.

Class 8 History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory Source-Based Questions

Question 1.
Read the following extract taken from the NCERT textbook and answer the questions that follow.


They have enticed several merchants and others to go and take protection under them.

Questions:
(i) What intention did the English traders show initially?
(ii) How did their activities divert later on?
Answers:
(i) When the English traders first came into the country they were very polite. They petitioned the then government in a humble manner for liberty to purchase a plot of ground to build a factory house there.

(ii) Slowly and steadily the English traders began to show rudeness. They built a strong fort, surrounded it with a ditch which had communication with the river, and mounted a great number of guns upon the walls. They took great number of the king’s subjects into slavery.

Class 8 History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory Picture-Based Questions

Observe the following pictures taken from NCERT textbooks subsequently and answer the questions that follow:

Question 1.

Questions:
(i) Identify the person above.
(ii) When was he appointed the Governor of Bengal?
(iii) Which battle did he fight in ‘1757 and against whom?
Answers:
(i) He is Robert Clive.
(ii) He was appointed the Governor of Bengal in 1764.
(iii) In 1757, he fought the Battle of Plassey against Sirajuddaulah.

Question 2.

Questions:
(i) What is it?
(ii) Where is it kept?
(iii) When did the British take it way?
Answers:
(i) It is a toy tiger of Tipu.
(ii) It is kept in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.
(iii) The British took it away when Tipu Sultan died defending his capital Seringapatam on 4 May 1799.